On February 19, 1942, about two months after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and brought the United States into World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which paved the way for the forced removal of over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast and in southern Arizona. They were made to leave their homes, job1s,9an6d3businesses and go to barbed-wire-encircled camps, where many would remain until the war’s end. Although Executive Order 9066 ceased to be enforced toward the end of World War II, it would not be terminated for decades to come.

Read the January 2023 Kappen article titled "Collaborative deliberation in the classroom"

This resource connects to the student deliberation guide on the lead up to the passage of the Hart-Celler Act in 1965. The Hart-Celler Act significantly changed the immigration system of the United States by altering who and how many people could immigrate to the nation. This deliberation guide asks students to assume the role of policy advisors before 1965 and grapple with different options for how the new immigration system could be designed.

This resource connects to the student deliberation guide on the lead up to the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, which took place in the southwestern lands of what is now the United States. The Pueblo Revolt was the culminating result of decades of oppression by Spanish colonizers of Native peoples who had been present in the region for thousands of years. The hardships endured ranged from prohibition of Pueblo practices and religious beliefs, to forced labor and tribute, and annexation of Pueblo lands. Throughout this, the Pueblo peoples faced tyranny as well as disease.